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"Targeted credit delivery is a thorny issue around the world. Legislation and creation of institutional structures can contribute significantly to providing the ecosystem. However, the actual flow of credit to the targeted social categories, depends on the absorptive capacity of these social categories and their enterprises. While absorptive capacity of women enterprises depends on their viability and vibrancy, it is also important that, from an angle of gender sensitivity, the other stake holders should play a supportive role to creating and enhancing such absorptive capacity. It is important to discuss this rather difficult subject ,on the basis of the evidences available from the field." More

2017

978-93-80830-82-7

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"Gender budgeting is not a ‘one-fit-for all ‘ solution in the agenda of woman empowerment. Nor are national level policies and directives, by themselves, helpful in achieving these objectives, as demonstrated by the RBI guidelines and their implementation. Under a regime of cooperative federalism, the initiatives have to come from the sub national and regional levels. In this context, the role of the Central Government, and the Central agencies should be as promoters of knowledge creation and diffusion. At the institutional level, the introduction of a regime of voluntary standards, along with broad regulatory measures, may help to some extent." More

2017

978-93-80830-84-1

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"While gender mainstreaming in India has got significant policy attention and practice, the sustainability of such mainstreaming initiatives, with special focus on enterprise development, have not got the attention they deserve. Gender mainstreaming becomes a meaningful initiative, essentially when the capabilities of women are enhanced. The spirit of enterprise is a focal theme which deserves close attention here. The key question, therefore, relates to how the initiatives for economic empowerment of women have contributed to triggering their creativity and the spirit of enterprise. A detailed discussion on this topic is crucial from the point of view of research and policy. Mainstreaming gender, as a concept, is by now, well accepted at the policy level. But on its practice, there is need for much improvement. For that, the operational meaningfulness of the concept must be examined in detail. There is also need for a road map for action." More

2017

978-93-80830-83-4

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"India has a number of public programmes, designed and implemented with the involvement of women and their associations. It is important to examine their present status and potential from the point of view of better planning and, targeting and, if needed , corrective action. It is generally perceived that, impacts are much less than the potential, mainly because of lack of convergence of such programmes. How can convergence happen? There can be divergence of opinion on this issue. Such a discussion need to be initiated against a review of the various existing programmes." More

2017

978-93-80830-78-0

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"Ever since the launch of the ‘International Women’s Decade’, the subject area of ‘women entrepreneurship’ has gained significant attention in both academic and policy spaces. However, the organic relationships that explain the subject area has not gained adequate attention so far. An integrated approach to development need to be designed and taken forward, wherein , both analysis and policy need to lead to a meaningful strategic approach. This makes an excursion into this neglected terrain of ‘gender and entrepreneurship’, essentially from an analytical point of view, a major imperative.." More

2017

978-93-80830-77-3

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"Following the early initiatives by the government of India for targeting credit to vulnerable sections of society including women, there has been several institutional attempts to ensure credit delivery among women. Though the multiplicity of institutions and their schemes have contributed to broad basing of finance, their impact on the women community, in terms of quality, remains an area of critical gap. it is important to examine these critical gaps, and offers some suggestions for policy." More

2017

978-93-80830-80-3

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"Understanding the macro level phenomena relating to gender, enterprise, and finance, is difficult unless there is a close understanding of the micro level processes. Unlike the general analysis of entrepreneurship, and the motivational factors behind that, the factors influencing women entrepreneurship are distinct. Since gender is a biological factor, and family, as a factor influencing division of labour, it is important that these two aspects are factored into the analysis of entrepreneurial behavior. A micro level analysis is, therefore, crucial. The attempt in the following pages is to make such an analysis..The conventional model of ‘infrastructure- finance –marketing model’ cannot contribute much to entrepreneurship development. In the modern environment, the imperatives lie in releasing and enhancing the hidden capabilities, and providing a suitable ecosystem where knowledge has a significant role. After all, in a knowledge economy, it is knowledge and capabilities that can empower women, not simply registration, infrastructure and credit facility" More

2017

978-93-80830-81-0

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"In the agenda of entrepreneurship development, institutional finance, undoubtedly, has a key role to play. However, the way this role is performed, is dependent on the objective situation prevailing in each country. Institutional structures are a dominant factor. India has a strong network of public sector banks that play the lead role. Against the regulatory and promotional framework in the country, this paper looks into the role of institutional finance in taking forward the agenda of women entrepreneurship development. The debates on the subject today remain largely partial. On issues relating to flow of institutional credit, there are often arguments on fundamentalist grounds. Such arguments are not likely to help in evolving pragmatic solutions. The situation, as it remains today, is that institutional finance for women entrepreneurship development is, in practice, a divided house. The public financial institutions generally do not find a business case for women entrepreneurship development. Similarly, the financial institutions generally do not find gender as an area of opportunities, but at best, as an area where commitments have been forced upon them." More

2017

978-93-80830-79-7

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"The entrepreneurship route to women empowerment has now been widely debated around the world. There are two key aspects that form the compass of such debates: 1) entrepreneurship; 2) gender. Unless these two aspects come together in a synergic manner, the objectives of social policy relating to gender sensitive development are not likely to be fulfilled. While such an integrated approach to development need to be designed and taken forward, fundamental questions come to the fore: 1) Does women entrepreneurship differ from entrepreneurship in general?; and 2) Is the problem of finance essentially gender-specific, or, a more visible reflection of a general problem of all SMEs? A realistic answer to these two questions is crucial from the point of view of design and implementation of programmes meant for economic empowerment of women." More

2017

978-93-80830-76-6

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"Action for gender empowerment depends on the political will to gain it. But here, the underlying question is, how economic empowerment is perceived. If it is on the enterprise route, one need to follow the rules of the game. The focus need to be on the value chain. In order to act on the value chain, particular capabilities are need. The prime question for policy, therefore, is, whether such capabilities exist today. If not, they need to be imparted. Who will impart that? Here the question of repetitiveness of institutions and their initiatives need to be examined thoroughly. The ultimate principle need to be a principle of comparative advantage:'competence to be counted where it counts most, and incompetence, where it counts least’." More

2017

978-93-80830-86-5

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This paper examines the various aspects of ‘Gender & Enterprise’ as a new category and proposes a new development agenda. More

2021

31

Looking at ‘Entrepreneurship’ from a gender perspective is a focal area of the global ‘Sustainable Development’ debate today. As such, the basic labour market issues have been discussed with ‘gender’ as a central theme. Various international organizations have their role inshaping this global agenda based on facets such as technology, trade and. ‘Gender and enterprise’, today, is a constituencyin itself. Hence, in strategies of promotion of enterprise and entrepreneurship promotion, this dimension has been seriously incorporated. More

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This publication discusses the evolving ideas and perceptions on women entrepreneurship development in India, in relation to the public programmes. More

2021

33

Public policy and the basic perceptions underlying such policy are important in shaping the pattern of women entrepreneurship development in any country. In India, the national policy as also the policy approach of the State governments has been moulded around the historical experience of the country in the subject area. Therefore, an understanding of the evolution of public policy relating to gender- based empowerment and participation are critical. The perceptions and practice in the subject area differ. While Kerala has a longer history of public policies for women empowerment, it is important to have the debates on the basis of the State’s experience. Kerala has a number of public programmes targeting women and their associations/groups. It is important to examine their present status and potential from the point of view of better planning, targeting and, corrective action. While it is generally perceived that, impacts of public schemes are often much less than the potential, it is important to identify the critical constraints and to typologize them More

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The analysis and practice of entrepreneurship as a discipline has been significantly influenced by many social science disciplines. For arriving at operationally meaningful policies and strategies, a cross-disciplinary rather than uni-disciplinary understanding of entrepreneurship would be useful. A relatively mature discipline of entrepreneurship, as we have it today, is the outcome of cross-breeding of disciplines. An excursion into the theoretical and analytical approaches in the subject area and an examination of the available evidence base, forms the scope of this paper. The first part provides an overview of how entrepreneurship among women has been approached by various disciplines, and the theoretical framework in which the dynamics of the subject has been discussed. Secondly, against the above background, the key areas of debates have been discussed. Based on available literature, prior knowledge, and institutional capabilities, it also discusses the relationship between policy and practice More

2021

48

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Where gender is considered as a crucial dimension of economic development policy, it is undoubtedly necessary to indentify abusiness case in gender sensitive economic programmes.In a context where, ‘gender budgeting’ is the corner stone of public pol-icy and practice, it is necessary to examine enterprises in relation to their various facets: stock-flow relationship, age and healthstatus. These inter- related aspects have been discussed by the academic discipline of business demography. It considers womenenterprises not simply as economic entities, but also as entities that are organic in nature. Therefore, like human population andits analysis, it is also necessary to analyze and understand women enterprises in demographic terms More

2021

33

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While the state of Kerala has a longer history of integration of gender issues in the developme3nt agenda, as also of gender bud-geting , the experience of the state in the subject area is likely to be critical in taking such discretions forward. what has been theexperience of Kerala relating to entrepreneurship development among women. 1) what are the critical constraints? 2)what is the way forward? Answers to these questions need to be grounded on the live experience at the grassroots More

2021

38

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Business Development Services (BDS) providers play a very important role of support to the development of MSMEs by pro-viding a range of business advice, information, and assistance to the sector, as well as stimulating sustainable MSME develop-ment by improving the general business environment. BDS are effectively a range of services designed to assist enterprises andentrepreneurs to operate efficiently and grow their businesses with the aim of contributing to economic growth, employmentgeneration and poverty alleviation. The definition of Business Development Services, put forward by the Institute of Small En-terprises and Development(ISED), is more broad based. ISED proposes an alternative workable definition for business develop-ment services as follows: In the context of this study, business development services are defined as those services(both operational and strategic) and products offered, both directly and indirectly, for meeting the needs of individual businesses and the business community, at various stages of their business needs, and for other actors in shaping policies and strategies. In a relative sense, considering their objective constraints, women need an integrated package of real services for ensuring the sustainability of the existing enterprises, and to attract new entrants. It is important that in the gender based public programs More

2020

22

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The global agenda of economic empowerment of women, which forms a central place in the Sustainable Development Goals, got intoits present stage through various steps. While the question of empowerment was essentially considered in terms of employment and livelihood opportunities to begin with, today it has gained a central position in mainstream economic development strategies. As such, the basic labor market issues have been discussed with gender as an important component of it. The various international organizations, such as the ILO, ITC, and the UNIDO have significant contributions in shaping their global agenda, with varying implica-tions, relating to technology, trade and employment. ‘Gender and Enterprise’ has become a constituency in itself. In the strategies of enterprise and entrepreneurship promotion, this dimension has been seriously incorporated. The ongoing Pandemic, Ovid 19, impliesan additional complex dimension to India’s agenda of ‘Gender and Enterprise’. More

2021

22

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‘Gender and Enterprise’(G&E) is a critical theme of development debates today. This theme can be summarized in terms of its twokey aspects: 1) economic empowerment of women through the entrepreneurship route; and 2) contribution to the creation of an ap-propriate enterprise ecosystem, where income opportunities are gender neutral. This is not a question of women empowerment alone.. In India, the practice of women entrepreneurship development is often confined to two key areas: a) awareness creation; and b) financing. The Union and State governments have a number of programmes for training and mentoring of women, which often leadsto some entrepreneurial activity, individual, collective, or both. The financial institutions have several gender -specific programmeswhich target women.In most of these programmes,provision of credit services is a common thread. A portion of the institutional cred-it go to women as per directives of the RBI and of the government. Beyond these, there is a key question: How relevant are the publicprogrammes for women entrepreneurship development ,and how effectively they are implemented. Another fundamental questionfollows: What are the critical constraints endemic to gender-specific programmes in relation to the larger and more broad based goalof economic empowerment of women. More

2021

32

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The concept of ‘inclusive finance’ has gained significant global acceptability over the past 2 decades. Apart from its ideological premises, the practice of this highly socially relevant concept is difficult and complex. While the credit manger is at the receiving endof such a complex task, it is important to focus on public policy and strategies with great care. As gender budgeting has become the honour of the day, in most of the public programs, there is a gender component in to which credit should naturally flow. Even thepublic financial institutions have their dedicated gender programs. To what extent the financial institutions find a business case withsuch programs? Besides, what is the experience of such programs in relation to bankability and sustainability. It is important that the bankers dilemma is reduced to the minimum with the help of a strong evidence base. Such an initiative is critical from the point ofview of ensuring the credibility of gender sensitive public programs for enterprise development, and to ensure accelerated credit flowin to such businesses More

2020

37

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This publication discusses the scope of the Gender & Enterprise constituency today ,in relation to the UN sustainable Development agenda and ‘ Sustainable development through enterprise’, the motto of Institute of Small Enterprises and Development. More

2021

24

Gender is a focal area of the global ‘Sustainable Development’ debate today. The global agenda of economic empowerment of women, originally considered in terms of employment and livelihood opportunities, has gained a central position in mainstream economic development strategies today. The basic labor market issues have been discussed with focus on gender. The various international orga-nizations look at it with focus on technology, trade and employment. ‘Gender and enterprise’, today, is a constituency in itself, by intention, or by merely chance. A review of the available key literature indicates that, policy implications, if discussed at all, are ‘vague, conservative, and centered on identifying skills gaps in women entrepreneurs that need to be “fixed”, thus isolating and individualizing any perceived problem’ (Foss, Henry, & Ahl, 2014).It indicates that, chance, rather than intention, clouds the global agenda today. This calls for radical reforms, from the point of view of making gender and enterprise a meaningful constituency, and to align it with the spirit of the ‘Sustainable Development’ agenda. The attempt in this paper is to review of the existing thinking and practice in the subject area, to identify critical gaps, and to offer some perspectives and a strategic direction. More

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Enterprise security is anew conceptual addition to the semantics of development. While, it is well known that SMEs are prone to several vulnerabilities because of objective and subjective reasons, the solutions to the same cannot be arrived at on a standalone basis. This is more so in the case of women enterprises that are prone to several additional constraints. Apart from an individual approach, there need to be an integrated framework of analysis and policies, that can lead to meaningful strategies and projects. The imperative for such a research agenda is all the more important today, especially in a context where, apart from their potential and rich contributions, as some evaluation studies indicate, gender has become a policy convenience. Conceptual clarity and measurableand operational meaningful indicators, need to be the key principles of a new analytical approach. More

2021

32

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Gender & Enterprise is an emerging area in debates on entrepreneurship development.While most of the studies in the Indian context consider women entrepreneurship simply as an employment question, this study has a much different theoretical and methodological approach . More

2019

303

'Gender and Enterprise’(G&E) is a critical theme in development debates today. It can be summarized in terms of two key aspects: 1)economic empowerment of women through the entrepreneurship route; and 2) creation of an appropriate ecosystem. The state of Kerala is pioneer in both the areas. However, against the background of the fast changes that are on in the Indian economy, it is necessary to have a fresh look at the existing policies and strategies, and to have a futuristic approach in the coming days. This research initiative raises three key research issues: i) Do the women enterprises offer a sustainable income opportunity for the promoters? ii) What need to be the future strategies for promotion of sustainable women enterprises and entrepreneurship in the State? iii) What are the key constraints to women entrepreneurship development that need to be addressed by policy makers on a priority basis? The study is based on the specific experience of Kerala, a State having a significant record of public initiatives for economic empowerment of women. More

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